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Comments on Electrical switches: Does it matter which wire it's on?

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Electrical switches: Does it matter which wire it's on? Question

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Most everyday electrical wiring has two wires, usually one white and one black/red. When installing a switch, does it matter which wire I put the switch on?

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Maybe it would be good to mention your country. Other countries will use very different colour scheme... (1 comment)
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The switch will work either way. However, there are significant safety benefits to installing switches on the hot wire.

For residential AC in the United States, only one wire actually has a potential difference (the "hot" wire, usually red or black) while the other wire is neutral (usually gray or white). Note that "neutral" is not the same as "safe to touch" - what the grid considers neutral may be quite different from the ground, so you should not go touching neutral wires unprotected. But it is generally not expected that it has the same powerful voltage as the hot wire.

When current is passing through devices, it is quite visible. It is obvious that you shouldn't try to stick piece of wire into the housing of a lightbulb which is on. And indeed, when the switch is on, the entire circuit is dangerous.

When the switch is off, there is no current, but the voltage still propagates through the parts of the circuit connected to the hot wire (and the grid). Those parts (before the switch) are very dangerous. The rest of the circuit (after the switch) is significantly less dangerous. If you put the switch on the neutral wire, then the dangerous part will include the device (eg. lightbulb). Unlike current, voltage is hard to see unaided, and with the switch open the lighbulb will appear to be off despite having a significant voltage. The moment someone touches the housing, the electrons will rush through that person to the ground, and electrocute them in the process. This is arguably a surprising result to most people, because they would not expect to be electrocuted when "the switch is off".

For this reason, putting the switch on the hot wire improves safety in two ways:

  • Reduce accidents when people accidentally touch the contacts of an electrical device which is off
  • Doesn't mislead people into thinking a device is safe to work on "because the switch is off and the device seems unpowered"
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Strange metaphor (4 comments)
Strange metaphor
manassehkatz‭ wrote over 1 year ago

Unlike current, voltage is hard to see unaided Huh? How do you "see" current? In any case, the normal, recommend, safety device (for DIY and electrician alike) is a good quality non-conductive Non-Contact Voltage Tester, NCVT and test every circuit before you work on it.

matthewsnyder‭ wrote over 1 year ago · edited over 1 year ago

Many household electrical devices are designed to do something when there is current, not voltage. So again, if the lighbulb is on, it's obvious you shouldn't stick your fingers in it.

But if it's off, does that mean it's okay to stick your fingers in?

You are correct that a contact pen would show voltage, as would many other test devices. The fact is that ordinary people do not normally carry such devices, nor habitually probe every single appliance that appears to be off. For example, when a lightbulb is not turning on, many people simply flip the switch to off (if that) and go replace it, without bothering with the contact pen.

For people who follow appropriate safety practices at all times the switch wiring does not make much difference. It mainly protects the many people who don't follow them. That's the meaning I was trying to convey.

manassehkatz‭ wrote over 1 year ago

I agree regarding practical usage with respect to light bulbs. The expectation - as set in NEC - is that a switch off means the hot wire is disconnected and it should be perfectly safe in a standard 120V fixture. And no, most people (including I suspect most electricians) do not use an NCVT to check the socket before changing a light bulb. And in fact if the concern gets that high the correct thing to do is to flip the breaker, as that is far more reliable than a switch, especially with a smart switch. Come to think of it, with a non-neutral required smart switch/motion sensor/etc. you will actually have low levels of current flowing even when the switch is nominally "off", but that's a separate issue.

manassehkatz‭ wrote over 1 year ago

My real point is the "hard to see unaided" phrase. You can't see current or voltage unless there is a complete circuit and some physical result of that circuit (e.g., a light bulb lighting up or a heater producing heat or a motor turning). And any/all of that only happens when there is a complete circuit which means current and voltage. After all, power (to get anything done) is current x voltage - one without the other doesn't "do" anything, and as a result one without the other won't show anything "unaided". If I miss your intent of "hard to see unaided" (or rather, how it is not hard to see current unaided), please clarify.